Optimal Relay Coordination with Hybrid Time–Current–Voltage Characteristics for an Active Distribution Network Using Alpha Harris Hawks Optimization

The miscoordination and malfunctioning of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) may occur due to a significant change in the fault current level (FCL) network topology, from radial ring caused by renewable energy resource-based distributed generation (RES-DG). In this paper, hybrid time–current–voltage (TCV)-based protection scheme is proposed eliminate DOCR reduce overall operation time DOCRs. coordination problem solved with alpha Harris Hawks optimization (α-HHO). Detailed numerical studies are carried out, show performance scheme, results compared existing schemes recent literature.